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2009-06-30
디지털시대의 도서관, 어떻게 될 것인가
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[해외뉴스 2006/03/03 ]디지털시대의
도서관, 어떻게 될 것인가
구글의 디지털 도서관 계획과 OCA가 도서관의 기능을 대체하면서 도서관의 존재를 위협할지도 모른다는 염려의 목소리가 커지고 있다. 하지만 이러한
염려에 대해 터프츠 대학 티쉬 도서관(Tufts' Tisch Library)에서 교육과 연구 분야를 담당하는 로라 월터스(Laura
Walters)는 디지털 도서관에 대하여 부정적으로 생각하지 않는다는 입장을 밝혔다.
* (OCA는 Open Content
Alliance의 앞 철자로 이루어진 약자로 굳이 한글로 옮긴다면 '컨텐츠 공개 협약'. 야후가 구글의 디지털 도서관 프로젝트에 대항하기 위하여
출범시킨 프로젝트.)
오히려 그녀는 "온라인 상으로 존재하는 학술적 자료들은 그저 인쇄 자원의 보충물에
불과하다,"(Anything that's online that is academic is just a supplement to our print
resources.) 혹은 "우리는 여전히 학술 연구서가 처음부터 끝까지 읽힐 필요가 있다고 생각하며 책 본문 전체를 온라인 상에서 읽기 원하는
사람을 알지 못한다"(We still think that academic monographs need to be read from
beginning to end, and we don't know anybody who wants to read an entire book
online,)며 디지털 시대에도 유지될 도서관의 독보적 정체성에 대하여 자신감을 보였다.
기존에는 '구글 프린트'(Google
Print)라 불렸지만, 지금은 '구글 북 서치'(Google Book Search)라 이름 붙여진 구글의 계획은 뉴욕 공공 도서관, 옥스퍼드
대학의 보들리언 도서관뿐만 아니라 미시건 앤 아버, 하버드, 스탠포드 대학 도서관에 있는 책들을 스캔하여, 디지털 형식으로 바꾼 뒤 검색 엔진을
통해 제공하는 것을 골자로 하고 있다.
월터스는 이러한 구글의 계획이 실제로 도서관 장서의 대출을 더 활성화하리라고 예상했다.
또한 독자들이 이러한 온라인 서비스로 인하여 책을 미리 읽어볼 수 있어 독자의 책 소비를 더 늘리는데 도움이 되리라고 지적했다.
터프츠 대학의 고전문학 교수인 그레고리 크래인(Gregory Crane)의 지적에 의하면, 구글 북 서치는 자신들만의 독특한 접속
체계를 가지고 있기 때문에 정보검색자들의 검색 여부를 제한할 테지만, OCA는 정보검색자의 제한 없이 모든 이들이 접속할 수 있는 공유
도서관이다. 그래서 크래인 교수는 런던과 보스턴 지역의 오래된 지도, 문서, 사진과 같은 독특한 자료를 보유하고 있는 터프트 대학이 구글보다는
OCA에 가입하길 원한다. 이로 인해 전 세계의 검색자들이 터프트 대학의 독특한 소장품들에 접속할 수 있기 때문이다.
터프트 고전
학부 건물 내에 위치한 페르세우스 디지털 도서관(Perseus Digital Library)의 편집장이기도 한 크래인 교수는 고전 자료
도서관으로서 페르세우스 디지털 도서관이 고대 그리스/로마, 중세 영국에 관한 연구 자료 그리고 그 외 다른 소장품들을 디지털화하여 소장하도록
했다.
크래인 교수는 온라인 자료의 폭발이 다가오는 미래에 도서관의 역할을 신속하게 바꿀 것이라 언급하면서, 아마 앞으로 인류는
디지털 시대에 인쇄 장서를 보유한 물리적 도서관의 존재에 대해 의아해할지 모른다고 예견했다. 하지만 우리가 지금 그러한 생각을 갖고, 5년 혹은
10년 후의 도서관 상황을 내다본다면, 우리는 다시 물리적 도서관의 유지에 대해서 생각해봐야 한다고 지적했다.
즉 티쉬 도서관의
생각은 이러한 디지털 도서관 방식이 도서관 정체성을 위협하리라 생각하지 않는다는 것이며, 로라 월터스는 구글의 디지털 도서관 계획이 효율성을
지니고 있는가에 대해 유보적 자세를 보여주고 있는 것이다.
그 이유는 검색자가 '구글 북 서치'에 검색어를 입력할 경우, 그
검색자는 자신이 찾으려 하는 검색어와 관련 없는 책으로부터 수천 가지의 검색 결과를 얻을 수 있기 때문이다. 로라 월터스는 사람들이 주제별
세부사항에 대한 검색 시스템 부족으로 인하여 검색자가 자신들이 필요로 하는 핵심 정보를 찾지 못할 수도 있다는 점을 우려했다. 그녀의 이러한
걱정은 결국 디지털 도서관이 기존 도서관의 기능을 완벽히 대체할 수 없음을 보여준다.
비록 구글 북 서치와 인터넷 전반이 도서관 미래에
관한 논쟁을 불러일으키고 있지만, 월터스는 티쉬 도서관과 그 외 다른 도서관들이 구글의 디지털 도서관 계획을 위협적으로 느끼지 않고 있다는 점을
강조했다
Google Book Search won't shelve libraries'
role
Posted Tuesday, February 7 2006 01:05:03 am
By Kelly
McAnerney, Tufts Daily (Tufts U.)
(U-WIRE) MEDFORD, Mass. -- Google's
digitization of millions of books from five top research libraries has raised
questions about the future of libraries in a digital world, but information
authorities at Tufts University do not feel threatened by the Internet
behemoth's venture.
Google's project, formerly called Google Print and
now called Google Book Search, involves scanning all of the books from the New
York Public Library, the Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford, as well
as the libraries of Harvard, Stanford and the University of Michigan Ann Arbor,
and making them available online.
"Basically, we don't think that it is a
bad thing," said Laura Walters, assistant director for teaching and research at
Tufts' Tisch Library. "Anything that's online that is academic is just a
supplement to our print resources."
The Google project is scanning all
out-of-copyright texts-that is, those produced prior to 1923, as well as small
selections of works published after 1923. Google also announced an opt-out
policy for publishers of in-copyright works in August 2005.
Because of
this measure, Walters said that Google's project might actually increase
circulation of some volumes in library collections.
Tufts has not been
asked to participate in the Google Book Search. Instead, Walters said, Tisch
would prefer to "look at what we own that is not owned by places that are taking
part in Google Book Search."
Unique collections at Tufts include the
Bolles Collection -- an archive of old maps and documents of London -- and the
Boston Streets collection, which combines data from Boston city directories,
images from the Bostonian Society's photo collection and maps.
"One of
the collections that has been getting a lot of attention lately is the Edward R.
Murrow Collection," Sauer said. "The production team working on 'Good Night, and
Good Luck' did a lot of research here."
All of the photographs from that
collection are currently available online, as well as a cataloger of all of the
items, ranging from letters with Eleanor Roosevelt to
phonographs.
Classics Professor Gregory Crane would like to see Tufts
join the Open Content Alliance (OCA) so that researchers from anywhere in the
world would be able to access the university's unique collections.
Crane
is editor in chief of the Perseus Digital Library, housed in Tufts' classics
department. Perseus began as a digital library for classics material, but
currently hosts documents for the study of ancient Greece, Rome and medieval
England, as well as other collections.
Crane said that as of October the
database, "has served over 11 million Web pages to 500,000 unique users, so we
definitely reach far beyond [Tufts]."
The OCA's Web site describes the
organization as "a group of cultural, technology, nonprofit, and governmental
organizations from around the world that will help build a permanent archive of
multilingual digitized text and multimedia content." This content will soon be
available on the OCA website and will be included in Yahoo!
indexes.
"Google [is] building itself its own library-anyone will have
access to that library, but Google will have unique access to it," Crane said.
"The idea of the OCA is that it is different: a common, shared library to which
all will have access."
Crane would like to make all of the Perseus
content he is legally allowed to release available through the OCA, but "it
seems like the OCA wants institutions to be members and so, to some extent, I'm
waiting to see what Tufts does," Crane said.
Crane has already spoken
with several library representatives, including an information official at
Tufts, Mely Tynan. He said they have expressed interest in the program, but it
is not clear who would make the decision for Tufts to become a
member.
"Larry Bacow wants to make our intellectual content as freely
available as possible," Crane said. "Once that decision has been made, the OCA
is not a big policy decision."
The decision to make Tufts a member would
mean that Tufts' unique collections on the DCA would become much more widely
accessible.
All of the content available on the DCA is currently open to
the public, but Sauer said that, "we haven't done a lot of PR [outside the
University] because we're such a small group. There are five staff members in
the office, and we serve the entire university."
Crane believes that the
explosion of online resources will rapidly change the role of the library in the
coming years.
"We have to ask questions like, will we have the same jobs,
the same number of people [in libraries]? People could start to wonder why they
have a print library," he said. "If we start talking about things now, looking
at a 5 or 10 year horizon, then we can start thinking in terms of
retraining."
"Things like Wikipedia, Google and Google Library ... seem
to me to have arguably created a much more active, inquiring, curious
intellectual life than was feasible before," he added.
While Tisch does
not view Google Book Search as a threat, Walters said she has serious
reservations about the efficiency of the project.
"The Google search is
going to be a disaster." she said, giving the example of a scholar researching
French prisons in the 19th century. Someone who typed those keywords into Google
Book Search would get hits for every time that those keywords were mentioned in
the full text of a book.
"You would get thousands of hits from books that
really have nothing to do with the topic. My concern as a librarian is that
people will not be able to find the core of what they need because of the lack
of subject-specific searching," Walters said, adding that most of the libraries
participating in the project are building their own engines to search their
online files for better retrieval.
Walters said that she thinks protests
and lawsuits against Google Book Search "are shortsighted on the part of
publishers," since placing small portions of copyrighted material online could
increase sales by allowing readers preview the material.
"Tisch is for
anything that will open access to books," she said.
Google Book Search
and the Internet as a whole have sparked debate over the future of libraries,
but Walters insists that Tisch and other libraries feel unthreatened by the
Google project.
"We still think that academic monographs need to be read
from beginning to end, and we don't know anybody who wants to read an entire
book online," she said. Walters said that books "are still incredibly important"
and that the libraries participating in Google Book Search are doing so as a
means of preservation.
Notices
All content copyright 2004-2005 ⓒ
The Daily Colonial, unless otherwise noted. All regiths reserved.
원문:
URL http://www.dailucolonial.com/print.dc?p=3&s=2109
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